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1. Adamantine
Very high luster
2. adularia
A colorless, moderate- to low-temperature variety of orthoclase feldspar typically with a relatively high barium content
3. Agate
a. A kind of silica consisting mainly of chalcedony in variegated bands or
other patterns; commonly occupying vugs in volcanic and other rocks.
b. A translucent cryptocrystalline variety of variegated chalcedony
commonly mixed or alternating with opal and characterized by colors
arranged in alternating stripes or bands, in irregular clouds, or in
mosslike forms; occurs in virtually all colors, generally of low
intensity, in vugs in volcanic rocks and cavities in some other rocks.
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4. Alumina
An oxide of aluminum, Al2 O3 ; the mineral corundum; an
important constituent of clay minerals, Al2 Si2 O5
(OH)4 , determining their suitability for firebrick and furnace
linings.
Synthetic alumina is used as the feed material in aluminum
smelters; it is also used in the preparation of paints called lakes, in
dyeing, and in calico printing; in granular form it is used for abrasives
and grinding or cutting tools of high tensile strength.
Most alumina is
made via the Bayer process from hydrated aluminum oxides, as found in
bauxite, diaspore, and gibbsite. Aluminum oxide can also be made in an
electric furnace by fusing bauxite or corundum.
Suitably doped alumina is
the feed material for boules of synthetic ruby and sapphire made by the
Verneuil flame-fusion process.
Fused alumina is crushed and used as an
abrasive, a refractory, a heating element for electrical heaters, and as a
filtering medium.
5. Amber
Amber is translucent fossilized tree resin (from conifers), a natural hydrocarbon that comes in many colors, including yellow, reddish, whitish, black, and blue. Amber is flammable.
Rubbing amber produces static electricity. The word electricity comes from the Greek word for amber, "elektron." It used to be thought that amber possessed magical powers that protected the wearer from evil.
Pressed amber consists of small pieces of amber that have been fused together to form a larger piece. Fake amber is easily made from plastics, and buyers must beware of cheap imitations sold as natural amber.
Amber has a hardness of 2.5 and a specific gravity of 1.05-1.10.
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6. Aquamarine
A seawater-blue gemstone that is in the beryl family.
Aquamarine is the birthstone for March.
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7. Beryl
A lightly colored mineral that when transparent and dark green is called emerald and when blue is called aquamarine
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8. Brilliant
The cut of a gemstone that is round and has 32 facets plus the table above the girdle, (crown), and 24 facets plus any culet below the girdle, (pavilion).
9. Brilliant-cut
A type of round gemstone cut having 57 or 58 facets that are mathematically calculated to produce the greatest brilliance.
10. Cabochon
A style of gem polishing that creates a smooth, rounded top with no faceting. From the French for "small dome."
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